Diabetes mellitus is a very serious disease, according to statistics, almost one in four people is susceptible. As the number of patients today exceeds 350 million, the diet for diabetes mellitus is carefully studied, and experts say that it should be followed not only by patients but also by people prone to the development of the disease.
Being overweight, genetic predisposition, or stomach ailments can lead to abrupt cessation of insulin production and other unpleasant manifestations, and adherence to a diet will be a necessary measure to maintain a normal state.
Features of nutrition in diabetes mellitus
Diet for diabetes can vary significantly depending on the type of disease. As a rule, there are 2 main types of diabetes mellitus, there are several forms and dietary rules, which are related to the causes of metabolic disorders and the conversion of sugar into glucose.
However, each type of disease requires adherence to general dietary habits.
Basic nutrition rules for diabetes
Nutrition for diabetes should be carried out in strict accordance with the basic rules. Thus, there are the following aspects of the diet for both types of disease:
- The diet should contain a balanced amount of protein, fats and carbohydrates due to the presence of the disease.
- The number of meals should be slightly increased. Thus, it is necessary to eat in small portions every 3-4 hours, for diabetics, meals should be low in calories.
- The caloric content of meals and snacks should be calculated carefully and carefully - not to exceed daily energy intake. Otherwise, you are more likely to gain weight, which is fraught with complications in diabetes.
- For patients with the disease presented, almost any diet lays the foundation for a proper and balanced diet. You should include vegetables and fruits, carbohydrates and proteins in your diet, and do not neglect fats and amino acids.
It should be noted that each patient should consult with their healthcare provider about the basics of nutrition in accordance with their specific situation. Even if it is intended for diabetics, it is not recommended to follow a special diet without consulting a doctor.
The attending physician should calculate the caloric content for the patient, as well as make certain changes according to the individual characteristics of the organism.
Type 1 diabetes and diet
Strange as it may sound, type 1 diabetes diet is based on the proper use of insulin, so you should consider the use of foods that significantly increase blood sugar.
It has been found that nutrition for such patients does not require any restrictions, it is only necessary to keep proper records and ensure that insulin enters the bloodstream in a timely manner. Here are the following principles and guidelines for the use of insulin:
- Foods that do not contain a lot of carbohydrates should not be considered. For example, meat and fish, eggs and cheese, cottage cheese and butter can be consumed in acceptable amounts, but their consumption should not be reduced or eliminated.
- Only carbohydrate products can be counted - these are flour and confectionery, as well as vegetable products and liquid dairy products.
Insulin should be given according to the amount of food taken. You also need to adjust your food intake on time. Here you must use the following principles and rules for the application of insulin:
- if treatment with short-acting insulin occurs, its application takes place 20 minutes before meals;
- if treatment is with insulin with a medium duration of action, its application takes place 40 minutes before meals;
- When using combined insulin, it is applied 20 minutes before breakfast, every 3 hours during the day and half an hour before a full dinner according to the scheme.
Insulin dose should be calculated according to the amount of food consumed. The calculation is performed by calculating the units of bread (XE).
The unit is 25 g of bread (10-12 g of carbohydrates), which increases human blood sugar by 1. 8 mmol / L.
The attending physician can give you accurate information about the calculations. You should also study the table showing the carbohydrate content of each product to accurately calculate the insulin dose.
Type 2 diabetes and diet
The type 2 diabetes diet is significantly different from the type 1 diet. It is necessary to carefully monitor not only the products allowed for consumption, but also the caloric content of the daily diet. Thus, there are the following indicators:
- the normal daily caloric intake should be in the range of 1600-2500 kcal, depending on the patient's weight and energy consumption;
- when you are overweight, the amount of calories is definitely reduced to 1300-1500 kcal;
- If you are overweight, the attending physician can reduce the amount of calories by 1000 kcal per day;
- There are times when the excess weight significantly exceeds the norm and the daily caloric intake is reduced to 600-900 kcal.
The caloric content of the food should be calculated by the attending physician, as it takes into account not only a person's weight, but also the presence of diseases such as cardiac arrhythmias, severe chronic diseases, gout and mental disorders.
The diet for patients with type 2 diabetes is as follows:
- Carbohydrates in the total daily diet should not exceed 55%. Products saturated with vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber should be preferred. For example, wholemeal breads, whole grains, legumes and vegetables. As for sugar products, they are completely abandoned. Instead of sugar, xylitol or sorbitol is allowed to be consumed at a rate of 0. 5 g per 1 kg of patient's weight, divided into 2-3 doses.
- For a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus, proteins are allowed according to the physiological norm of a healthy person - 90 g per day. Lean meat in the form of poultry, lean fish and cottage cheese should be preferred. The daily intake of protein in the diet is 15-20%.
- 30% of the daily diet consists of fats, which enter the body more than vegetable oils.
- They consume limited amounts of salty and fatty foods.
Experts advise to take the diet of diabetics seriously. It is better to prepare the menu every day, for 2-3 days or even the whole week.
It is no longer necessary to refer to the attending physician who can make adjustments according to the patient's health condition.
Features of a low-carbohydrate diet for type 2 diabetes
As a rule, the majority of patients with type 2 diabetes are overweight, which requires immediate elimination so that a person can more easily tolerate the disease and not subject the body to sharp and significant "jumps" in blood sugar levels.
Thus, many experts recommend a low-carbohydrate diet for type 2 diabetes. What is this?
Scientists have suggested that it is difficult for sick people to follow proper nutrition and basic principles immediately after diagnosis.
In addition, the main task here is to lose excess weight, so the patient needs to reduce calorie intake, which is not always possible.
Thus, a person begins to suffer from a sharp drop in blood sugar levels, which is associated with constant hunger. According to scientists, this can be prevented by consuming more protein.
Protein foods are great for weight loss. In addition, protein foods are the safest in diabetes mellitus. This diet is more reminiscent of the familiar "Kremlin".
However, such a diet should be followed only with the permission of the attending physician, because the intake of large amounts of protein in the body can be dangerous to health and can lead to exacerbation of chronic diseases.
If the recommended diet is followed, it is recommended that diabetics take special vitamins prescribed by the attending physician.
Principles and basics of "Table № 9" diet
Most experts support not only proper nutrition, but also the use of special medical diets.
Thus, a diet called "Table № 9" was developed, which corresponds to the approved list of all medical nutritional bases, especially for patients with the presented disease.
It shows how to eat properly with diabetes mellitus, lists the allowed and forbidden foods.
The presented menu is also divided into two categories corresponding to the 1st and 2nd types of the disease. However, there are general principles that need to be learned and followed to maintain normal blood sugar levels.
Principles of "Table № 9" diet
The proposed diet certainly contains basic principles that must be taken into account. These include the following aspects:
- Meals can be taken up to 6 times a day. The main feature is that you need to eat in small portions every 3 hours.
- The menu for diabetics is designed without the addition of fried, spicy, fatty foods.
- You can only eat boiled, baked and baked goods.
- For diabetics, sweets should be replaced with natural products or with the addition of spices.
Table №9 contains a complete list of foods rich in vitamins and other beneficial micronutrients that are allowed for consumption. You should pay attention to fruits that contain high amounts of ascorbic acid, which are allowed to be consumed in small amounts during the day.
What you can eat with diabetes
The proposed diet shows patients exactly what they can eat with all types of diabetes mellitus. It is recommended to include these foods in the diet to maintain blood sugar levels and prevent complications. Permitted products include:
- all flour products made from whole grain and bran flour;
- sausage with a small amount of fat and fat;
- all types of low-fat fish;
- all kinds of lean meats;
- greens and green vegetables;
- low-sugar fruits;
- oatmeal, buckwheat and millet from cereals are allowed;
- any low-fat dairy products;
- tea, freshly squeezed juices from permitted fruits and vegetables, herbal teas from beverages are allowed.
Permitted foods are consumed in accordance with the above rules and characteristics, depending on the type of disease.
What not to eat with diabetes
The "Table № 9" diet contains a list of prohibited foods that must be consumed with extreme caution and precision. The list of banned products includes:
- all types of sweets, including high-sugar sweets (jam type);
- fatty poultry;
- salinity in the form of salted fish, canned salted and other acids;
- fat and drinking fermented dairy products, such as baked milk, cream and yogurt;
- you can't eat strong meat broths;
- pasta, rice and semolina are prohibited - increases sugar levels;
- hot spices, condiments, snacks;
- sweet fruits;
- industrial juices from packages - have a high sugar content;
- any alcoholic beverages.
In this case, the type of disease in no way affects the likelihood of consuming prohibited foods. According to experts, even patients with type 1 diabetes should keep a diet to avoid aggravation of the condition.
Controversial fruits and vegetables for diabetes
There are a number of controversial issues in the diet of people with diabetes. Doctors, who say that natural products, including spices, are allowed, are beginning to restrict the use of patients. What is the reason for this?
Controversial fruits in diabetes
The article repeatedly states that in the presence of the disease, the consumption of unsweetened fruits is allowed. They contain a small amount of sugar and therefore will not harm the patient in any way.
However, even patients with long experience do not know exactly what fruits can be eaten with diabetes mellitus. There is no need to talk about the ban on the use of grapes, but there are several controversial fruits, including:
- Dates. Is it possible to eat dates with diabetes if the taste is indefinitely sweet? This fact surprises most patients.
As you can see, in fact, this fruit contains a lot of vitamins, amino acids, trace elements and sucrose. This fact allows even sick people to use dates, because it has a beneficial effect on the body. But this fruit also has a high glycemic index - 70%.
It turned out that you can eat dates, but in limited quantities - 70 g of fruit is 1 XE. For type 2 diabetes mellitus, dates are also allowed, but in limited quantities - no more than 1 fruit per day.
- Mandarins. Citrus fruits are allowed for diabetics, but in moderation. But whether it is possible to eat tangerines with diabetes is a controversial point.
The fact is that tangerines contain a lot of carbohydrates, which leads to a sharp rise in blood sugar in diabetics. Therefore, experts recommend eating mandarins, even if they are normal.
- Watermelon and melon. Melons ripen by the end of the summer, which encourages patients to eat watermelons and melons.
This berry has a high glycemic index - 75% and 65%, respectively. This causes the patient's blood sugar to drop sharply, which leads to weakness and loss of consciousness.
For diabetics, these products are prohibited or require the use of bread units. Each patient should consult a attending physician who can calculate the allowable dose of fruit for consumption.
Controversial vegetables and roots in diabetes mellitus
The use of vegetables in diabetes is also controversial.
Many patients do not even realize that vegetables and root crops such as potatoes, carrots, beets and tomatoes are under the strictest ban.
These vegetables contain large amounts of glucose, starch and sugar, which is unacceptable for diabetics.
The following products are also considered:
- Jerusalem artichoke for diabetesRecommended for use by many professionals. It contains many amino acids, trace elements and at least 80% inulin. This enzyme is a polysaccharide consisting of many fructose chains. It is known that this root vegetable should not be consumed in unlimited quantities, but should be included in the diet for diabetes mellitus, because its benefits are in the prevention of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
- Pumpkin is a useful vegetable for diabetics. It contains a lot of protein, carbohydrates and fiber, which have a positive effect on weight control and maintenance, as well as help to lose weight. As a result, it turns out that pumpkins with type 2 diabetes should be eaten, just carefully monitor the amount of product in one serving, because it also contains high sugar.
- Cabbage with diabetes also causes a lot of controversy, because, as mentioned above, salting is prohibited for patients. However, this type of salting is allowed for consumption by patients with type 2 diabetes. Cabbage and pickles improve metabolism, resulting in gradual weight loss. It also has beneficial properties for the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, you can use sauerkraut, but in small quantities.
By looking at recipes for diabetics, you can discover many interesting things in the use of foods, including vegetables and fruits.
Here you need to carefully consider the amount of food you need to eat. If necessary, you should calculate the amount of food allowed to consume.
Healthy foods for diabetes
Some natural products for diabetics only have a beneficial effect on the functioning of the whole body. So, for example, you can not completely rule out glucose consumption. It is the basis of most of the processes taking place in the human body and is an integral part of it.
Based on the necessity and benefits of using natural products for diabetes, scientists provide a list of all the features that should be followed when choosing and compiling a diet.
bal
Most patients refuse to consume honey. They think that it contains a lot of sugar and glucose. As you can see, this natural product contains only 40% sucrose. However, it contains the same amount of glucose, which prohibits the use of honey for diabetes.
However, experts say that honey is simply irreplaceable for diabetes. They can replace ordinary and ordinary sugar.
For type 2 diabetes, a portion of honey should not exceed 1-2 tablespoons. Divide it into several stages: add to baked goods or tea.
cinnamon
Cinnamon is mandatory for patients with type 2 diabetes. Due to the composition of spices in the body, cells become more sensitive to the insulin produced, which helps to normalize and reduce blood sugar levels.
In addition, in diabetes, cinnamon helps cleanse the blood vessels and internal organs of toxins and toxins, which has a positive effect on the prevention of thrombophlebitis and other serious diseases.
Add half a teaspoon to your tea or coffee to apply a nice cinnamon. You can sprinkle all the dishes with a little spice according to your taste and preferences.
Bay leaf
Bay leaves are necessary for use in diabetes mellitus, but are contraindicated in the presence of serious diseases. Thus, this natural product should be used to strengthen the immune system, speed up metabolism, cleanse the body of toxins and toxins.
On the other hand, bay leaves should not be consumed by people with diabetes, kidney disease or stomach ulcers.
Bay leaf is mandatory for patients with type 2 diabetes who are overweight and have high cholesterol.
The use of bay leaves is allowed in the form of dressings for meals, but the use of infusions is still more useful. To prepare it, take 10 sheets of bay leaf and pour three cups of boiling water.
Leave the infusion for 3-4 hours. Take 100 g up to three times a day and half an hour before meals. This will help keep your glucose levels at the right level.
Stevia
Almost no one knows about the benefits of stevia in diabetes, but regular use of the infusion helps maintain proper glucose levels, strengthens blood vessels, lowers cholesterol and blood pressure, and significantly improves blood microcirculation.
The collection is easy to buy at the pharmacy. It should be brewed according to the instructions provided and herbal tea should be drunk hot and in small sips.
Eat right with diabetes mellitus according to the basic recommendations of experts. This way you can keep your blood sugar levels healthy and feel great in any emergency.